Ontology

Key Components:

1. Object Properties: These properties define relationships between different entities. For example:
   • :audience links learning objectives to their intended audience.
   • :hasInstruction defines the behavior expected from a player after receiving instructions.
   • :hasCheckPoint, :hasStartPoint, and :hasEndPoint establish spatial relations within game levels.
2. Data Properties: These specify literal data values, such as:
   • :title provides the title of a game.
   • :year denotes the release year of a game.
   • :statement describes key information about knowledge items.
3. Classes: These represent different entities in the game and educational environment:
   • Game Entities: Classes like :Game, :GameLevel, :GameGenre, and :GameMechanic structure the elements and mechanics of games.
   • Learning Objectives: Entities such as :LearningObjective and :ABCDComponent describe the educational aspects of the games.
   • Actions: The ontology includes a variety of actions such as :Adapt, :Achieve, :Analyze, and :Exemplify, defining possible behaviors and responses in a game or learning scenario.
4. Named Individuals: The ontology includes examples of real-world games like :AgeOfEmpiresII, :SimCity_EDU, and :CyberOps, which serve as instances of the :Game class. It also references learning objectives like :LO_5, which detail specific educational goals.

Relationships:

• Hierarchical relationships between different game mechanics and learning objectives help in organizing both gameplay and learning outcomes.
• Sub-properties like :isLinkedToLevel and :isLinkedToLO provide a way to link learning objectives and game levels together in a meaningful way.
• Inverse properties such as :hasEndPoint and :hasStartPoint ensure that game elements are bi-directionally connected.

This ontology is versatile and can be used in educational game development to structure and analyze games’ components, player actions, and learning outcomes. It also supports educational assessments by clearly defining the relationships between objectives, player behaviors, and game mechanics.

Unifying Game Ontology

Adjacency Matrix for Game Components

Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy

Adjacency Matrix for the Learning Process

KnowledgeItem Design

DL Queries